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A thirteenth-century text purporting to represent a debate between a Jew and a Christian begins with the latter's exposition of the virgin birth, something the Jew finds incomprehensible at the most basic level, for reasons other than theological: «Speak to me in French and explain your words!» he says. «Gloss for me in French what you are saying in Latin!» While the Christian and the Jew of the debate both inhabit the so-called Latin Middle Ages, the Jew is no more comfortable with Latin than the Christian would be with Hebrew. Communication between the two is possible only through the vernacular. In Vernacular Voices , Kirsten Fudeman looks at the roles played by language, and especially medieval French and Hebrew, in shaping identity and culture. How did language affect the way Jews thought, how they interacted with one another and with Christians, and who they perceived themselves to be? What circumstances and forces led to the rise of a medieval Jewish tradition in French? Who were the writers, and why did they sometimes choose to write in the vernacular rather than Hebrew? How and in what terms did Jews define their relationship to the larger French-speaking community? Drawing on a variety of texts written in medieval French and Hebrew, including biblical glosses, medical and culinary recipes, incantations, prayers for the dead, wedding songs, and letters, Fudeman challenges readers to open their ears to the everyday voices of medieval French-speaking Jews and to consider French elements in Hebrew manuscripts not as a marginal phenomenon but as reflections of a vibrant and full vernacular existence. Applying analytical strategies from linguistics, literature, and history, she demonstrates that language played a central role in the formation, expression, and maintenance of medieval Jewish identity and that it brought Christians and Jews together even as it set them apart.

Constructing Suitable Devices for Preservation of the Young Adults' English Vernacular into the Romanian Translation of Catcall is an applied research that proposes innovative linguistics devices to assist the professional in the task of translating exceptional genera which appear in children books, including scientific extracts and mixtures of foreign words. The findings are proposed as recommendations to translators of children's literature who are expected to make informed decisions when challenged by the new features in the genre, such as Web pages, word games, reconstruction of imageries, and much more.
The task of creating each one of the six devices into Romanian is tackled step by step, taking into account the language particularities and cultural implications for both contexts. The representation of how each device contributes toward the proper incorporation of the English vernacular element into Romanian is conducted in a suitable and careful manner taking into account relevant opinions and scholarly approaches to translating children's literature. This scientific linguistic study provides innovative and effective tools for all professionals in the field.

Preserved buildings and historic districts, museums and reconstructions have become an important part of the landscape of cities around the world. Beginning in the 1970s, Tokyo participated in this trend. However, repeated destruction and rapid redevelopment left the city with little building stock of recognized historical value. Late twentieth-century Tokyo thus presents an illuminating case of the emergence of a new sense of history in the city’s physical environment, since it required both a shift in perceptions of value and a search for history in the margins and interstices of a rapidly modernizing cityscape. Scholarship to date has tended to view historicism in the postindustrial context as either a genuine response to loss, or as a cynical commodification of the past. The historical process of Tokyo’s historicization suggests other interpretations. Moving from the politics of the public square to the invention of neighborhood community, to oddities found and appropriated in the streets, to the consecration of everyday scenes and artifacts as heritage in museums, <i>Tokyo Vernacular</i> traces the rediscovery of the past—sometimes in unlikely forms—in a city with few traditional landmarks. Tokyo's rediscovered past was mobilized as part of a new politics of the everyday after the failure of mass politics in the 1960s. Rather than conceiving the city as national center and claiming public space as national citizens, the post-1960s generation came to value the local places and things that embodied the vernacular language of the city, and to seek what could be claimed as common property outside the spaces of corporate capitalism and the state.

Chaucer, Gower, and the Vernacular Rising examines the transmission of Greco-Roman and European literature into English during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, while literacy was burgeoning among men and women from the nonruling classes. This dissemination offered a radically democratizing potential for accessing, interpreting, and deploying learned texts. Focusing primarily on an overlooked sector of Chaucer&rsquo;s and Gower&rsquo;s early readership, namely, the upper strata of nonruling urban classes, Lynn Arner argues that Chaucer&rsquo;s and Gower&rsquo;s writings engaged in elaborate processes of constructing cultural expertise. These writings helped define gradations of cultural authority, determining who could contribute to the production of legitimate knowledge and granting certain socioeconomic groups political leverage in the wake of the English Rising of 1381. Chaucer, Gower, and the Vernacular Rising simultaneously examines Chaucer&rsquo;s and Gower&rsquo;s negotiations&mdash;often articulated at the site of gender&mdash;over poetics and over the roles that vernacular poetry should play in the late medieval English social formation. This study investigates how Chaucer&rsquo;s and Gower&rsquo;s texts positioned poetry to become a powerful participant in processes of social control.