Найти книгу: "Tooth Color - Zahnfarbe: Uber den Einfluss des Glanzes und der Messgeometrie"

In den Hoffmann-Studien 2000 war es gelungen, den Anteil der Flussigkeit am dentalen Glanz zu ermitteln und die Fragen zu beantworten: Welchen Einfluss hat der Zahn und welchen Einfluss hat Zahnflussigkeit am dentalen Glanz? Und welchen Einfluss hat der Glanz an der Zahnfarbe und den Farbkoordinaten?
Andre Hoffmann hat die Entstehung der Zahnfarbe systematisch und hochstprazise u. a. an menschlichen Zahnen und dentalen Farbringen mit Hochprazisionsmesssystemen und mit eigens entwickelten Hochprazisionspositionierungssystemen erforscht und insbesondere im Jahre 2000 seine neuen Erkenntnisse vorgelegt und veroffentlicht und in den Folgejahren konkretisiert. Der Pionier im Bereich der optischen Technologien durfte im Zuge seiner wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren isoliert und eindeutig quantifiziert haben. Dazu gehoren beispielsweise das Licht bzw. Messlicht und die Lichtarten verschiedener Farbtemperaturen, die Strahlengange des Lichtes bzw. die Messgeometrien (Orte von Lichtquellen und Sensoren in Relation zur Messprobe), der Beobachtungswinkel (2°, 10°), die Gro?e der Messflache und Messoffnung, die Glanzwirkung, der Flussigkeitsgehalt (mit wissenschaftlichem Beweis des Zusammenhanges zwischen Flussigkeitsgehalt und Zahnfarbe), Wirkung von Trocknung und Flussigkeitswiederaufnahme (Dehydratation, Rehydrierung), der Anteil des Flussigkeitsgehaltes an der Glanzwirkung, die Subjektivitat von visueller Bestimmung, Kronenkrummung, Systemart (Spektralphotometer, Dreibereichsfarbmesssystem), Messmodus (Kontakt oder Non-kontakt-Modus), Messsystem-Objekt-Relation, Positionierung, Wiederholbarkeit bzw. Reproduzierbarkeit. Zudem wurden subjektiv-visuelle Bestimmungen und objektivierte Messungen in Subjektiv-objektiv-Vergleichen uber Wertevergleiche nachgegangen. Alle diese Einflussfaktoren sind nicht nur an feuchten, sondern auch an trockeneren (verschiedene bestimmte Trocknungs- bzw. Rehydrierungszustande) und trockenen Zahnen anhand u. a. der Helligkeit (L*), von Farbmesswerten, wie beispielsweise a*, b*, C*, h, ?E, des Metamerieindex, von Spektralwerten, von Zahnfarbproben und von Zahnfarbraumen analysiert. Im Rahmen dieser Erkundung konnten Phanomene (beispielsweise Anderungen und Bruche im Verhalten sowie hochindividuelle Entwicklungen der Farbwerte, Paradoxes zwischen den Werten subjektiver Bestimmung mittels Zahnfarbproben und den Werten objektivierender Messungen) aufgedeckt und Einblick in die Farbdynamik durch De- und Rehydratation gewahrt werden. Die Entwicklung der einzelnen Farbmesswerte lie? beispielsweise Ruckschlusse uber den Flussigkeitsfluss durch den Zahn und seine Gewebe insbesondere bei Trocknung und Flussigkeitswiederaufnahme zu und gab Auskunft uber das zeitliche Ausma? dieser Prozesse. Auf Basis dieser Datenlage hatte Hoffmann mehrere Verfahren fur die Forschung und Anwendung in der Praxis entwickelt, Innovationen vorgeschlagen und fur machbar eingestuft, wie beispielsweise das trocknungsprotektive Monitoring zur Vermeidung von Devitalisierung bei zahnmedizinischer Behandlung, eine Rekonstruktion der Farbe von naturlich feuchten Zahnen an bereits angetrockneten, die Identifizierung von Lebenden und Toten uber den «dentalen Fingerabdruck» und fur die Rechtsmedizin eine neue Methode zur Todeszeitbestimmung. Zudem beschrieb er eine zeitliche Trocknungsgrenze, bis zu der noch relativ naturliche, passende Farbwerte zu erhalten sind und nach der keine Farbbestimmung mehr erfolgen sollte, und er legte die Flussigkeitswiederaufnahmezeit nach Ende der Trocknung fest, die gewartet werden muss, um wieder eine naturliche Zahnfarbe zu erhalten …

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Content

Actions in emergency situations

• Wheel replacement
• Engine overheating actions
• Starting the engine from an additional power source
• Fuses
• Emergency pressure drop in the engine lubrication system
• Turning on the battery alarm indicator
• Enabling the engine malfunction indicator

Daily checks and troubleshooting Operation of the car in the winter

Trip to the RST

Operation and maintenance manual

• Technical information
• Controls, dashboard and interior equipment
• Caring for a car
• Car maintenance
• Fuels and lubricants

Precautions and safety rules when working on a car Basic tools, measuring instruments and methods of working with them

• Basic set of necessary tools
• Methods of working with measuring devices

The engine and its systems

• General information
• Car service
• Cylinder head
• Removing and installing engine
• Cylinder block
• Ignition and engine management system
• Power system
• Lubrication system
• Cooling system
• Inlet and exhaust system
• Features of design and repair of engine SQR477F (1.5 l / 109 hp.)
• Annex to chapter

Engine electrical equipment

• General information
• Generator
• Starter
• Battery
• Annex to chapter

Transmission

• General information
• Clutch
• Transmission
• Drive shafts
• Annex to chapter

Chassis

• General information
• Front suspension
• Rear suspension
• Wheel alignment
• Annex to chapter

Steering

• General information
• Car service
• Steering wheel
• Steering gear
• Steering links
• Hydraulic booster
• Annex to chapter

Brake system

• General information
• Car service
• Components of the braking system
• Front wheel brakes
• Rear wheel brakes
• Parking brake
• Anti-lock braking system
• Annex to chapter

Body

• General information
• Exterior
• Interior
• Body dimensions

Passive safety system (SRS)

• General information
• Driver's airbag
• Contact disk
• Seat belts
• Disposal of airbag modules

Electrical equipment of a car

• Headlights, lights and lamps
• Switches
• Relay and fuse blocks
• Audio system
• Annex to chapter

Electroschemes Trouble codes

Installing GBE

• General information
• Procedure for installing GBE

Content

Introduction

Emergency actions

• Swap wheel
• Engine overheating
• Starting an engine from an optional power source
• Fuses
• Emergency pressure drop in engine lubrication system
• Turn on the battery alarm
• Turn on engine failure troubleshooter
• Switching on the brake system fault signaling / parking brake indicator

Daily check and troubleshooting Operation of the car in the winter period

Trip to SRT

Operating and maintenance instructions

• Technical information
• Controls, dashboard and interior equipment
• Car care
• Car maintenance
• Combustion lubricants

Cautions and safety instructions for car work Basic tools, measuring instruments and methods for working with them

• Basic toolkit set
• Methods of operation with measuring instruments

Mechanical part of the engine

• Background
• Car service
• Cylinder head
• Removing and installing the engine
• Engine disassembly
• Drive of the gas distribution mechanism
• Appendix to the chapter

Cooling system

• Background
• Replacing coolant
• Removing and installing the surge tank
• Removing and installing the thermostat
• Removing and installing coolant pump
• Removing and installing radiator
• Removing and installing the blower
• Application

Lubrication system

• Background
• Replacing the engine oil and filter
• Removing and installing oil pan (replacing gasket for oil pan)
• Removing and installing oil sump
• Oil pump
• Oil pressure sensor
• Application

Power system

• Background
• Pressure relief in the food system
• Replacing the fuel filter
• Fuel module
• Removing and installing the fuel tank
• Fuel rail assembly with injectors
• Application

Ignition and engine management system

• Background
• Removing and installing engine control unit
• Removing and installing throttle assembly
• Removing and installing ignition module
• Removing and installing spark plugs
• Sensors of the control system (technical condition check and replacement)
• Application

Intake and exhaust systems

• General information
• Intake manifold
• Release system
• Application

Engine electrical equipment

• Background
• Generator
• Starter
• Rechargeable battery
• Application

Transmission

• Background
• Clutch
• Gearbox
• Power shafts
• Service data and specification

Chassis

• Background
• Front suspension
• Rear suspension
• Wheel alignment
• Application

Steering

• Background
• Car service
• Steering wheel
• Steering gearbox
• Steering links
• Application

Brake system

• Background
• Car service
• Components of the braking system
• Front wheel brakes
• Rear wheel brakes
• Parking brake
• Application

Body

• Background
• Exterior
• Interior
• Body dimensions

Gas-cylinder equipment

• Background
• Gas reducer

Electrical equipment of a car

• Headlamps, lights and lamps
• Switches
• Beep
• Wiper trapezoid
• Audio system
• Application

Electroschemes

Content

Actions in emergency situations

• Wheel replacement
• Engine overheating actions
• Starting the engine from an additional power source
• Fuses
• Emergency pressure drop in the engine lubrication system
• Turning on the battery alarm indicator
• Enabling the engine malfunction indicator
• Towing a car

Daily checks and troubleshooting Operation of the car in the winter

Trip to the RST

Operation and maintenance manual

• Technical information
• Instrument panel and controls
• Locking / unlocking doors
• Subsea switches
• Driving a car
• Caring for a car
• Car maintenance
• Fuels and lubricants

Precautions and safety rules when working on a car Basic tools, measuring instruments and methods of working with them

• Basic set of necessary tools
• Methods of working with measuring devices

Mechanical part of the engine

• General information
• Car service
• Cylinder head
• Removing and installing engine
• Cylinder block
• Drive of the gas-distributing mechanism
• Appendix to chapter

Cooling system

• General information
• Replacing coolant
• Removing and installing surge tank
• Removing and installing thermostat
• Removing and installing coolant pump
• Removing and installing radiator assembly with electric fan
• Removing and installing fan assembly
• Appendix to chapter

Lubrication system

• General information
• Replacement of engine oil and filter
• Removing and installing oil pan (replacing gasket for oil pan)
• Removing and installing oil collector
• Oil pressure switch
• Appendix to chapter

Power system

• General information
• Pressure relief in the power system
• Replacing the fuel filter
• Removing and installing fuel tank
• Removing and installing fuel module
• Fuel rail assembly with injectors
• Removing and installing the adsorber
• Appendix to chapter

Ignition and engine management system

• General information
• Removing and installing throttle assembly
• Removing and installing ignition coil with high voltage wires
• Removing and installing spark plugs
• Sensors of the control system (replacement)
• Appendix to chapter

Intake and exhaust systems

• General information
• Intake manifold
• Release system
• Appendix to chapter

Engine electrical equipment

• General information
• Generator
• Starter
• Battery
• Appendix to chapter

Transmission

• General information
• Clutch
• Gearbox and transfer case
• Drive shafts and axles
• Appendix to chapter

Chassis

• General information
• Front suspension
• Rear suspension
• Checking and adjusting wheel alignment
• Appendix to chapter

Steering

• General information
• Car service
• Steering wheel
• Steering links
• Steering gear
• Hydraulic booster
• Appendix to chapter

Brake system

• General information
• Car service
• Components of the braking system
• Front wheel brakes
• Rear wheel brakes
• Parking brake
• Anti-lock braking system
• Appendix to chapter

Body

• General information
• Exterior
• Interior
• Damage repair
• Frame
• Body dimensions

Passive safety system

• General information
• Airbag modules
• Contact disk
• Seat belts
• Disposal of airbag modules

Air conditioning system

• General information
• Air conditioning system

Gas-cylinder equipment

• General information
• Procedure for Installing HBOs

Electrical equipment of a car

• Headlights, lights and lamps
• Vehicle control and auxiliary electrical equipment
• Audio system
• Appendix to chapter

Trouble codes Electroschemes

Content

Actions in emergency situations

• Wheel replacement
• Engine overheating actions
• Starting the engine from an additional power source
• Fuses
• Emergency pressure drop in the engine lubrication system
• Turning on the battery alarm indicator
• Enabling the engine malfunction indicator
• Enabling the brake / parking brake warning light

Daily checks and troubleshooting Operation of the car in the winter

Trip to the RST

Operation and maintenance manual

• Technical information
• Instrument panel and controls
• Keys
• Subsea switches
• Caring for a car
• Car maintenance
• Fuels and lubricants

Precautions and safety rules when working on a car Basic tools, measuring instruments and methods of working with them

• Basic set of necessary tools
• Methods of working with measuring devices

Mechanical part of the engine

• General information
• Car service
• Cylinder head
• Drive of the gas-distributing mechanism
• Engine checks using the diagnostic connector
• Annex to chapter

Cooling system

• General information
• Replacing coolant
• Removing and installing surge tank
• Removing and installing thermostat
• Removing and installing coolant pump
• Coolant temperature sensor for instrument cluster
• Annex to chapter

Lubrication system

• General information
• Replacement of engine oil and filter
• Removing and installing oil pan (replacing gasket for oil pan)
• Removing and installing oil collector
• Oil pressure switch
• Annex to chapter

Power system

• General information
• Replacing the fuel filter
• Removing and installing fuel tank
• Removing and installing fuel module
• Fuel rail assembly with injectors
• Removing and installing the adsorber
• Annex to chapter

Ignition and engine management system

• General information
• Removing and installing throttle assembly
• Removing and installing ignition coil with high voltage wires
• Removing and installing spark plugs
• Sensors of the control system (replacement)
• Annex to chapter

Intake and exhaust systems

• General information
• Intake manifold
• Release system
• Annex to chapter

Engine electrical equipment

• General information
• Generator
• Starter
• Battery
• Annex to chapter

Transmission

• General information
• Clutch
• Transmission
• Drive shafts
• Annex to chapter

Chassis

• General information
• Front suspension
• Rear suspension
• Wheels and tires
• Annex to chapter

Steering

• General information
• Car service
• Steering wheel
• Steering gear
• Steering links
• Hydraulic booster
• Annex to chapter

Brake system

• General information
• Car service
• Components of the braking system
• Front wheel brakes
• Rear wheel brakes
• Parking brake
• Anti-lock braking system
• Annex to chapter

Body

• General information
• Exterior
• Interior
• Damage repair
• Body parameters

Passive security

• General information
• Driver's airbag
• Disposal of airbag modules

Air conditioning and heating system

• General information
• Heating system
• Air conditioning and heating system maintenance
• Removing and installing major components

Gas-cylinder equipment

• General information
• Procedure for installing GBE

Electrical equipment of a car

• Headlights, lights and lamps
• Beep
• Windscreen washer
• Possible malfunctions of the instrument cluster and how to solve them
• Windshield wiper
• Possible lighting malfunctions and how to solve them
• Audio system
• Synchronization of the high-frequency central locking remote control
• Annex to chapter

Trouble codes Electroschemes