Найти книгу: "Biological Nitrogen Fixation"

Nitrogen is arguably the most important nutrient required by plants. However, the availability of nitrogen is limited in many soils and although the earth's atmosphere consists of 78.1% nitrogen gas (N2) plants are unable to use this form of nitrogen. To compensate , modern agriculture has been highly reliant on industrial nitrogen fertilizers to achieve maximum crop productivity. However, a great deal of fossil fuel is required for the production and delivery of nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover carbon dioxide (CO2) which is released during fossil fuel combustion contributes to the greenhouse effect and run off of nitrate leads to eutrophication of the waterways. Biological nitrogen fixation is an alternative to nitrogen fertilizer. It is carried out by prokaryotes using an enzyme complex called nitrogenase and results in atmospheric N2 being reduced into a form of nitrogen diazotrophic organisms and plants are able to use (ammonia). It is this process and its major players which will be discussed in this book. Biological Nitrogen Fixation is a comprehensive two volume work bringing together both review and original research articles on key topics in nitrogen fixation. Chapters across both volumes emphasize molecular techniques and advanced biochemical analysis approaches applicable to various aspects of biological nitrogen fixation. Volume 1 explores the chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogenases, nif gene regulation, the taxonomy, evolution, and genomics of nitrogen fixing organisms, as well as their physiology and metabolism. Volume 2 covers the symbiotic interaction of nitrogen fixing organisms with their host plants, including nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, plant and microbial «omics», cyanobacteria, diazotrophs and non-legumes, field studies and inoculum preparation, as well as nitrogen fixation and cereals. Covering the full breadth of current nitrogen fixation research and expanding it towards future advances in the field, Biological Nitrogen Fixation will be a one-stop reference for microbial ecologists and environmental microbiologists as well as plant and agricultural researchers working on crop sustainability.

The control of diseases in crops is still largely dominated by the use of fungicides, but with the increasing incidence of fungicide resistance, plus mounting concern for the environment resulting from excessive agrochemical use, the search for alternative, reliable methods of disease control is gaining momentum. The purpose of this important book is to examine the development and exploitation (or potential for exploitation) of a range of non-chemical approaches to disease control, with a focus on the need for a greater understanding of crop ecology as the basis for effective disease control in the field. Chapters in the book, written by international experts in the subject area, include coverage of: biological control methods host-plant resistance the exploitation of tolerance and the use of bacteriophages Carefully edited by Professor Dale Walters, widely respected for his work in the area of crop protection, Disease Control in Crops is an essential reference book for plant pathologists, microbiologists, plant and agricultural scientists and crop protection specialists, including those working within, and providing consultancy to, the agrochemical industries. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences and agriculture are studied and taught should have copies of this timely publication on their shelves.

Discover how advances in mass spectrometry are fueling new discoveries across a broad range of research areas Electrospray and MALDI Mass Spectrometry brings both veteran practitioners and beginning scientists up to date with the most recent trends and findings in electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. In particular, this Second Edition highlights how advances in electrospray and MALDI mass spectrometry are supporting important discoveries in new and emerging fields such as proteomics and metabolomics as well as in traditional areas of chemistry and physics research. Electrospray AND MALDI Mass Spectrometry, SECOND EDITION is divided into five parts: Part A, Fundamentals of ES, explains the fundamental phenomena underlying the electrospray process, including selectivity in ionization and inherent electrochemistry, and concludes with a chapter offering a comparative inventory of source hardware Part B, Fundamentals of MALDI, confronts ionization mechanisms, instrument development, and matrix selection, and includes a final chapter that explores the special application of MALDI to obtain two-dimensional images of spatial distributions of compounds on surfaces Part C, ES and MALDI Coupling to Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation, examines the coupling of these ionization techniques to various mass analyzers, including quadrupole ion trap, time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and ion mobility mass spectrometers Part D, Practical Aspects of ES and MALDI, investigates analytical issues including quantification, charge-state distributions, noncovalent interactions in solution that are preserved as gas-phase ions, and various means of ion excitation in preparation for tandem mass spectrometry, and offers a guide to the interpretation of even-electron mass spectra Part E, Biological Applications of ES and MALDI, examines the role of mass spectrometry in such areas as peptide and protein characterization, carbohydrate analysis, lipid analysis, and drug discovery Written by a team of leading experts, the book not only provides a critical review of the literature, but also presents key concepts in tutorial fashion to help readers take full advantage of the latest technological breakthroughs and applications. As a result, Electrospray and MALDI Mass Spectrometry will help researchers fully leverage the power of electrospray and MALDI mass spectrometry. The judicious compartmentalization of chapters, and the pedagogic presentation style throughout, render the book highly suitable for use as a text for graduate-level courses in advanced mass spectrometry.

Auf Einladung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) fand am 9. und 10. Marz 2000 ein Rundgesprach uber heutige und kunftige Moglichkeiten des Biomonitoring in Arbeits- und Umweltmedizin statt. Das Biomonitoring hat nicht zuletzt durch die unmittelbare Umsetzung der Arbeitsergebnisse der Senatskommission zur Prufung gesundheitsschadlicher Arbeitsstoffe in geltendes Recht durch die deutsche Arbeitsschutzgesetzgebung in den letzten drei?ig Jahren in Deutschland ein hohes Niveau erreicht. Das vorliegende Buch fuhrt die Expertise verschiedener Fachdisziplinen von der Toxikologie, Arbeitsmedizin, Immunologie und Humangenetik bis hin zur Analytik und Epidemiologie zusammen. Hierbei wird die diagnostische Aussagekraft von zytogenetischen Parametern sowie von biochemischen und biologischen Effektmarkern fur die Pravention von schadstoffbedingter Erkrankungen ausfuhrlich erortert. Das gefuhrte Rundgesprach hat somit einen ersten Gedankenaustausch ermoglicht, aus dem sich kunftige Forschung entwickeln soll, um die fuhrende Rolle Deutschlands auf diesem wichtigen und sich dynamisch entwickelnden Forschungsgebiet zu halten.

While there are numerous books on heterocycles and natural products, this text fills the need for an up-to-date summary focusing on recently developed and improved synthetic methods for the preparation of the most important classes of lactones and lactams – all in one volume. Comprehensive in its coverage, this book also provides readers with a brief description of the occurrence and biological or pharmaceutical activity of the compounds, and each chapter deals with a certain class of lactones or lactames to enable quick access to the information needed. A valuable resource for organic chemists, biochemists and medicinal chemists in academia and industry wanting to learn about successful synthetic routes leading to important natural products and use this as inspiration for their own work in the lab.

Examining the physical basis of the structure of macromolecules—proteins, nucleic acids, and their complexes—using calorimetric techniques Many scientists working in biology are unfamiliar with the basics of thermodynamics and its role in determining molecular structures. Yet measuring the heat of structural change a molecule undergoes under various conditions yields information on the energies involved and, thus, on the physical bases of the considered structures. Microcalorimetry of Macromolecules offers protein scientists unique access to this important information. Divided into thirteen chapters, the book introduces readers to the basics of thermodynamics as it applies to calorimetry, the evolution of the calorimetric technique, as well as how calorimetric techniques are used in the thermodynamic studies of macromolecules, detailing instruments for measuring the heat effects of various processes. Also provided is general information on the structure of biological macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, focusing on the key thermodynamic problems relating to their structure. The book covers: The use of supersensitive calorimetric instruments, including micro and nano-calorimeters for measuring the heat of isothermal reactions (Isothermal Titration Nano-Calorimeter), the heat capacities over a broad temperature range (Scanning Nano-Calorimeter), and pressure effects (Pressure Perturbation Nano-Calorimeter) Two of the simplest but key structural elements: the ? and polyproline helices and their complexes, the ?-helical coiled-coil, and the pyroline coiled-coils Complicated macromolecular formations, including small globular proteins, multidomain proteins and their complexes, and nucleic acids Numerous examples of measuring the ground state of protein energetics, as well as changes seen when proteins interact The book also reveals how intertwined structure and thermodynamics are in terms of a macromolecule's organization, mechanism of formation, the stabilization of its three-dimensional structure, and ultimately, its function. The first book to describe microcalorimetric technique in detail, enough for graduate students and research scientists to successfully plumb the structural mysteries of proteins and the double helix, Microcalorimetry of Macromolecules is an essential introduction to using a microcalorimeter in biological studies.