Скачать книгу - Understanding Nicotine and Tobacco Addiction



Cigarette smoking is estimated to lead to 4.9 million premature deaths per year worldwide. This is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2020. In western countries it kills half of all smokers who fail to stop. The prevailing model for tobacco addiction is that nicotine from cigarettes rewards smoking and punishes abstinence, tapping into a motivational system of operant conditioning that requires no conscious awareness. However, there are also accounts which involve cognitive biases and the effect of nicotine on impulse control. The brain pathways involved have been studied extensively, but the role of different nicotine receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter systems is still subject to debate. In western countries, cigarette smoking as an adult has a heritability of 30-50% and candidate genes have been identified that may contribute in part to addiction susceptibility. Many socio-cultural correlates of cigarette smoking have been established, but a comprehensive model that accounts for these and links them with the psychobiological aspects of nicotine addiction has not been forthcoming. Structured behavioural support programmes aid cessation attempts, as do a number of pharmacotherapies, most notably nicotine replacement treatments and bupropion, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This book deals with the problems involved in understanding and treating nicotine and tobacco addiction. Topics covered include the nature of the worldwide health problem posed by cigarette smoking, the psychodynamics of cigarette addiction, and the basic pharmacology and biochemistry of nicotine and its effect on the brain. Further chapters analyse the genetic basis of susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Finally, the contributors address approaches to therapy. A continuing theme in the discussions throughout the book is how best to treat nicotine addiction, given that many smokers would like to stop smoking but are unable to do so because of their addiction. This book will be of great value to all psychologists and psychiatrists working on addiction, specifically to nicotine but also to other compounds and behaviours. It will also be of interest to neuroscientists and pharmacologists working on nicotine receptors and the brain pathways involved in dependence, as well as to biochemists, molecular biologist and to public health officials.


Интерпретация британского романа / Understanding British Novels Интерпретация британского романа / Understanding British Novels

Автор: А. А. Гольдман

Год издания: 



Understanding English as a Lingua Franca Understanding English as a Lingua Franca

Автор: Barbara Seidlhofer

Год издания: 

A complete introduction to the theoretical nature and practical implications of English used as a lingua franca. Explore the theories and principles of English as a Lingua Franca with leading expert Barbara Seidlhofer


Test 1 to reveal your compatibility and mutual understanding in love, temperament, marriage and family life Test 1 to reveal your compatibility and mutual understanding in love, temperament, marriage and family life

Автор: Leon Angel

Год издания: 

If you want to know yourself and your partner better then complete the test! If you don’t want to be disappointed in your future family life then complete the test! If you don’t want to waste your life on unproductive relationship then complete the test! If you want to become healthy, rich and wise then complete the test! God loves us all!


Test 2 to reveal your compatibility and mutual understanding in character, habits, religion and philosophy Test 2 to reveal your compatibility and mutual understanding in character, habits, religion and philosophy

Автор: Leon Angel

Год издания: 

If you want to know yourself and your partner better then complete the test! If you don’t want to be disappointed in your future family life then complete the test! If you don’t want to waste your life on unproductive relationship then complete the test! If you want to become healthy, rich and wise then complete the test! God loves us all!


Test 3 to reveal your compatibility and mutual understanding in the social sphere, education, health and wealth Test 3 to reveal your compatibility and mutual understanding in the social sphere, education, health and wealth

Автор: Leon Angel

Год издания: 

If you want to know yourself and your partner better then complete the test! If you don’t want to be disappointed in your future family life then complete the test! If you don’t want to waste your life on unproductive relationship then complete the test! If you want to become healthy, rich and wise then complete the test! God loves us all!